Tagetes lucida, Pericon, marigold, Cempachuchil

The pretty marigold flower is used as a flavoring for cacao, as a yellow dye (Lutein), and as a medicine throughout Mexico, Belize, Guatemala and other countries. This flower is filled with chemicals and this genus definitely deserves further study by scholars interested in Mayan ethnobotany.

Flor de muerto Tagetes sp. in FLAAR office garden, Gutemala City, image by Jaime Leonardo

Which species of Tagetes is involved?

I have seen so many different species name

that I will wait until the staff botanists straighten this out. I would thus also point out that it will be a challenge to identify precisely which species the Aztec emperor used. Other species are also listed in technical publications, though by far the one most commonly mentioned in general discussions is Tagetes erecta,

Flor de muerto Tagetes spp. notice the different species that can be found, Photo FLAAR Archive.

Marigold, flor de muerto, Tagetes sp. another species. Photo FLAAR Archive

Marigold, Tagetes erecta as flavoring for cacao drink (chocolate)

The Marigold is a flower that is a flavoring for chocolate, is medicinal, and is the “Flor de Muerto” on tombs of local Maya people. The Aztecs also obtained yellow dye (Lutein). The leaves are used as a flavoring.

Huichol Indians of central Mexico, smoked the leaves of Mexican marigold, Tagetes lucida, to induce hallucinations. The narcotic effects of T. lucida, which is also used to make tea, are described as similar-but not as strong as-peyote.

So once again, it appears that the ingredients for flavoring the cacao of the Aztec emperor may have involved more than “flavor.”

The flower has a strong odor when they are ground up. Oil is extracted from Tagetes patula and sold for medicinal purposes out of India (by a company that also sells aroma and fragrances, approrpriately named Essential Oils of India). I would also point out that marigold flowers appear to be raised in China or at least China is heavily into the export of this plant.

It is clear that Marigold flowers have growing potential as an economic plant for local farmers in Mesoamerica. 

Medicinal uses of Tagetes erecta

Tagetes erecta or other species are mentioned in most discussions of medicinal plants of the Maya (Belize, Guatemala, etc) as well as medicinal plants of non-Maya groups throughout Mexico.

“Overall, considerable evidence exists that the species have relevant pharmacological effects and in a few cases clinical evidence is available.” (2008:12). Peter Giovannini and Michael Heinrich, Xki yoma’ (our medicine) and xki tienda (patent medicine) - Interface between traditional and modern medicine among the Mazatecs of Oaxaca, Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology.

Flor de muerto, marigold, Tagetes sp. in FLAAR office garden, Guatemala City, Photo by Jaime Leonardo

Further information needed for marigold flowers:

Raising marigold flowers, Tagetes erecta

A friend loaned me some plants. She pulled them up from her garden in Chisec and I drove them to Guatemala City. All but one or two survived and continue to bloom after two years. So I guess they are dropping their seeds nearby.

I had them in partial shade and they seem vaguely healthe. I think they want more sun. Now, after second year, no new crop has appeared (probably because my huge banana tress provided too much shade).

Flor de muerto, marigol bud growing in FLAAR office garden, Guatemala City, Image by Jaime Leonardo

Marigold, flor de muerto bud in a second stage growing in FLAAR office garden, Guatemala City, Photo by Jaime Leonardo

Concluding comments on marigold flowers and plants of Mesoamerica

Marigolds are known to any gardener around the world. But I bet not many of them know that the origin of this pretty garden plant is Mexico and Central America. And I bet even fewer gardeners realice that just about every part of the marigold can be eaten (but whoa, be careful, you might not like the after effects of some of the chemicals inside marigold leaves).

Our interest is to locate every single solitary flower (and plant and tree and fruit) that was used by the Maya of past or present. Our goal is primarily to be sure we list every single indigenous plant that is edible or has other utilitarian use. But we do not taste these plants nor conduct chemical analysis: casting and chemical analysis are not on our to-do list. Our capability is to do the library research so our list is more complete than that of any other botanist or archaeologist.

Then we try to find where in Guatemala you can locate this plant, and we photograph it exhaustively with professional quality equipment so the world can have a nice visual record of the plant. But precisely because we are so busy working on all this, we don’t have time to smoke, chew, or otherwise ingest tasty chemicals that produce mind-altering experiences. There are plenty of other web sites that specialize in that. So we stick to photography and listing plants-by-use. The marigold can go in many lists as each part has multiple potential. About the only part I have not seen people writing about eating are the roots!

What is remarkable is how many plants have many tasty uses yet parts of the same plant provide chemicals for a strong insecticide!

Marigolds were used to flavor Aztec cacao but were a major accessory at human sacrifice! Here is a great thesis or dissertation topic: what is the relationship between the effects within cacao and the effects that relate this flower to the Day of the Dead!

I would consider a thesis or PhD dissertation on the marigold a valuable resource if it included medicinal, ethnohistoric, dietary, and religious aspects of this remarkable flowering plant.

Flor de muerto, marigold, Tagetes sp., view from the back, FLAAR Photo Archive

INTRODUCTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY ON MARIGOLD FLOWERS

We have a longer bibliography in our annual report on Maya ethnobotany.

Arvigo, Rosita and Michael J. Balick 1993 (1998) Rainforest Remedies:
One Hundred Healing Herbs of Belize, 2nd
edition. Lotus Press, Twin Lakes, Wisconsin.

NEHER, Robert Trostle
1968 The Ethnobotany of Tagetes. Economic Botany, Vol. 22, No. 3, Oct-Dec, pp. 317-325.
http://biblioteca.usac.edu.gt/tesis/06/06_2652.pdf

Natural Colorant from Marigold-Chemistry and Technology
Food Reviews International
Volume 20, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 33 - 50
Authors: H. B. Sowbhagyaa; S. R. Sampathua; N. Krishnamurthy
www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a713632592

Maya medicinal plants of San Jose Succotz, Belize, Journal of Ethnopharmacology
Volume 2, Issue 4, 1980, Pages 345-364

Thor Arnason, Feliz Uck, John Lambert and Richard Hebda
www.prcupcc.org/herbs/herbsp/pericon.htm

Plants used in guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria

Armando Caceresb, a, Orlando Canob, Blanca Samayoab and Leila Aguilarb

• Center for Mesoamerican Studies on Appropriate Technology (CEMAT),
  Apartado Postal 1160, Guatemala 01001
  
  
• Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of San Carlos (USAC), Guatemala City, Guatemala
  Accepted 28 February 1990. ; Available online 18 November 2002.

First posted August 26, 2011.